Better Work Life Balance Survey in Ncc Bank Limited free essay sample

This report gives a diagram of various kinds of work-life balance activities that have been created by in the money related foundations of Bangladesh. Governments are progressively dedicated to lessening the social, wellbeing and business expenses of work-life strife. A few nations have received individual bits of enactment or strategies that address some part of work-life balance. These activities are not really part of a complete program or strategy way to deal with accomplish work-life balance, yet these measures could be viewed as one approach to improve a representatives balance among work and different responsibilities.This report demonstrates that there isn't probably going to be any one size fits all response to work-life balance issues. An assortment of approaches are accessible to help work-life balance, going from limited time programs that underscore the significance of adjust and offer help to bosses to decrease the business costs related with work-life struggle, to enac tment that supports guardians with care giving obligations. We will compose a custom article test on Better Work Life Balance Survey in Ncc Bank Limited or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Plainly improving work-life balance is a significant segment of the approach plan for some mechanical nations, and the issue is probably going to turn out to be considerably progressively significant later on. The main Work-Life Balance Survey (WLB1) was directed by the Department for Education and Employment in 2000 to evaluate the degree to which bosses worked work life balance rehearses; to see whether representatives felt that current practices addressed their issues; and to give a benchmark against which future studies could be compared.Changes were made in the survey’s strategy between the principal pattern study led by IFF and the second overview of workers (WLB2) led in 2003 by MORI, and hands on work for the 3 Second study was led preceding the acquaintance of the privilege with demand adaptable working. This report presents the consequences of the Third Work-Life Balance Employees’ Survey, directed by phone in mid 2006. Work-life balance is an expression used to portray a people sentiments of fulfillment with the interest in work related exercises and their own life.This state is accomplished when an individual feels the measure of time went through creation cash to accommodate ones family and propelling vocation objectives is sufficiently offset with the measure of time spent in autonomous and individual interests, for example, fellowships, family, otherworldliness, side interests, and relaxation exercises. Inability to keep up work-life parity may bring about critical passionate misery and decrease of profitability. By and large, investing more energy at work may really prompt a lessening in productivity.Some people feel that their working environment makes an excessive number of weights to keep up a work/life parity, and they may feel a decrease in their sentiments of fulfillment and happiness regarding life. A few people feel as though there isn't sufficient time for different parts of life 1. Presentation: 1. 1. Prologue to the theme: Work-life balance is a wide idea including appropriate organizing between work (vocation and desire) on one hand and life (joy, relaxation, family and profound turn of events) on the other. Related, however more extensive, terms incorporate way of life equalization and life balance. When all is said in done, people who work over 60 hours of the week are conversationally called obsessive workers. The expression compulsive worker got mainstream in 1971 when Wayne Oates distributed the book, Confessions of a Workaholic. The expression compulsive worker is certifiably not a clinical term, however it is commonly used to depict people who disregard their own lives for work-and vocation related interests. The expression work-life balance got well known as an administrative idea when businesses understood that their laborers showed expanded efficiency, diminished turnover, and devotion to the organization when the idea was watched and regarded.

The Ad Hoc Persona

Question: Interpret the Ad Hoc Persona into an account and guide purchaser experience. We invest a great deal of energy discussing brand story and brand paradigms in MSC566. Presently were looking that the other size of the riddle, the original drives inside the buyer. Make a story for your Ad Hoc persona. Discussion about lives and the experience where the brand or item crosses in story. Utilize the accompanying inquiries to manage your story development yet talk in first individual (I or we). As you make your personas story, consider the brand/association/cause you are speaking to. What are their fundamental beliefs or model? You are focusing on this persona as illustrative of your crowd. Keep concentrated on what is important and how that shows in their every day life. You are searching for the connection that permits you to make significance between the brand and the customer. Focus on the article by Spool. Answer: Crowd Engagement Persona for: Macro Appliance shop Name: John Calling: Sales supervisor for a retail organization Age:35 Purchasing style: Detail arranged and reasonable chief. Reason: To locate the best an incentive for the cash contributed. Objective: To supplant a miniaturized scale broiler. Objective: To sell Kiara a miniaturized scale broiler. Challenge: Kiara will scan at the best cost. Kiara lives in a remote town in the northeastern piece of the US. She has a propensity for shopping on the web the vast majority of her things notwithstanding staple goods. Her small scale stove quit working a week ago and has pushed the thing in substitution list. It had a guarantee of 2 years yet has figured out how to work for over 3 years presently, however was given for a fix couple of times. She was very certain even from that point forward that the following smaller scale broiler would be a marked piece with a long working period. She is hoping to buy another small scale broiler with unwavering quality of in any event seven years. She has done broad inquiry online to locate the well known brands and their selling cost in the close by stores of the town. She is ace on perusing through online surveys of different items, and figured out how to peruse a great deal of the favored brands she had in her brain to conclude her best pick. She needed a small scale wave with all the most recent capacities however cost is another main factor for her. She is prepared to pay as much as $600 yet the item should have great, sturdiness, and all the most recent highlights. She has get some answers concerning numerous worldwide brands in the market however the majority of them are premium evaluated. As she focused in on her favored image model, she will make arrangements to locate the miniaturized scale broiler with the appropriate blend of unwavering quality and cost at the chose stores in the town. Kiara visits Macro Appliance shop to buy the smaller scale stove. She searched for the kitchen machine area in the shop, and began searching for the accessible brands in the value extend she was searching for. She found the brand and asked about the highlights from a sales rep. She was told about the highlights and imperative guidelines to work the smaller scale broiler. She discovered it very easy to understand, and with an essential guidance manual gave, it would be part simpler for her. Kiara was relentless intrigued with her decision as it had all the highlights she needed to have in the new broiler. Likewise, the miniaturized scale broiler drew near her ideal value run. To test further, she asked about other accessible brands and their selling cost. She gave a call to her significant other to advise about her buying choice before gesturing to the sales rep. When settled upon, she chose to buy it and went to the value counter to complete it. She was given guarantee card with the item and educated about their 24*7 call place to help the clients for a wide range of inquiries, objections or any type of help.

How to Smile More for Health, Happiness, and Longevity

How to Smile More for Health, Happiness, and Longevity Happiness Print Smile More for Health, Happiness, and Longevity By Mark Stibich, PhD  Mark Stibich, PhD, FIDSA, is a behavior change expert with experience helping individuals make lasting lifestyle improvements. Learn about our editorial policy Mark Stibich, PhD Updated on February 04, 2020 Mimi Haddon/Taxi/Getty Images More in Self-Improvement Happiness Meditation Stress Management Spirituality Holistic Health Inspiration Brain Health Technology Relationships View All Happiness not only makes life more pleasant, but can lead to better health, well-being, and longevity. To make the most of life and get started, give the smiling skills outlined below a try for one week. Consider it a one-week smiling experiment. If you commit to following these simple steps for smiling more, you will already be on the right track to living a happier, healthier life. Steps to Happiness What You’ll Do: For the entire week, you’ll focus on smiling more. You’ll develop a way to remind yourself to smile throughout your day and even force a smile onto your face periodically. Why? Research shows that if you smile, your mood actually improves.How It Works: Researchers think that by forcing a smile, you activate a specific set of muscles in the face. That set of muscles is closely connected to the emotions of happiness and joy. By smiling, you are signaling the emotional centers of your brain to tell them that everything is good. So even if its not, it will be soon.Get Motivated: Smiling more is a simple way to greatly improve the quality of your life. All you have to do is smile, and you will be a happier person. Really. It’s that simple. Ways to Smile More This Week Smiling is the natural response to something funny, happy, or enjoyable so it stands to reason that you probably do not need help with the automatic smile response. Where there is room for improvement is in those mundane, everyday situations when you otherwise might not be automatically smiling. To learn how to smile more, you must first practice: Practice Smiling: Smile. Do it right now as you read this. Put a big, warm smile on your face. Not a fake, strange smile, but a real smile, like you are seeing an old friend after several years. Now, think of something unhappy, but keep smiling. It is difficult to hold an unhappy or negative thought in your mind while keeping a smile on your face. Smiling can help increase happiness and decrease negativity.Give Yourself a Smile Cue: Now that you have practiced smiling and understand a little bit about how smiling can improve your mood, the trick is remembering to smile as you go through your day. You will probably need a reminder to smile often. Choose something that you hear, see, or do often during the day to be your “smile cue.” You might choose a sound as your reminder, like a phone ringing or an email notification beep. You might choose an action, such as getting in or out of your car, to remind you to smile. You might choose a visual reminder, like seeing someone drinking c offee or seeing someone laughing. Challenge yourself to smile every time you encounter your cues for this entire week.Stay Motivated: People who smile while talking make a much better impression because they seem more confident and friendly. You can even “hear” a smile over the phone. If you smile while taking a call, the tone of your voice will lighten and you’ll be able to make a better connection through the phone. Heres Your Commitment: This week I will smile every time I am reminded by my “smile cue(s).” Tips for Smiling More While steps one through three above provide everything you will need to challenge yourself to smile more, here are some other tips to help you: Don’t look strange. Make your smiles natural, warm, and sincere. You are simply trying to maintain an elevated mood. Even just a small, almost unnoticeable smile can alter your mood.Smile every time you think of it, not only when you encounter your smile cue.Think of something you really like when you smile â€" it will help make your smile sincere. Think of your favorite vacation spot, driving a brand new car, or a good friend.Take a deep breath while you smile. This will help lessen any stress you have and give you a moment to enjoy your smile. A deep breath or two increases the relaxation and mood-enhancing the power of smiling.Place notes and reminders of this skill throughout your world to remind you to smile more. Put a note on the phone, send yourself an email message, or make a note on your calendar. Make sure that you have plenty of reminders to smile more often. Eventually, it will become a habit (and one of your most healthy ones). Try Laughing, Too Taking smiling to the next level means laughing. Figure out a way that you can laugh more this week. You don’t simply want to be amused â€" you want to be laughing out loud. Laughing out loud, much like smiling, creates an emotional state that relieves stress and lifts your mood. Search for things to laugh about every day this week. Read jokes, watch movies, and talk to funny people. Think of the funniest stories you know and tell one each day this week.

Comparison Minority Report and 1984 - 1352 Words

Is it inhumane to arrest and convict a person of terrible crimes, even if it is not yet committed, if it is certain that it will be? Utopia is an imaginary place in which everything is perfect; in comparison, dystopia is an imaginary state in which the condition of life is extremely bad as from deprivation, oppression, or terror. George Orwell’s 1984 (1949), is a novel based on life in a dystopian setting, with a totalitarian government centered on war and hatred. Steven Spielberg’s Minority Report (2002) is a film in a futuristic setting with a system which predicts future murders so that citizens live a homicide-free utopian life. Winston Smith is the main character in 1984. His rebelious views on his society and government cause his†¦show more content†¦The method is more subtle in Minority Report, but it is still present; the show â€Å"COPS† is shown on television to emphasize the horror of crimes, so the public will support the Precrime program. Du e to these factors the source of power is impossible to be fought against; consequently, corrupt governments maintainShow MoreRelatedInternational Comparison As An Effective Public Policy Tool1098 Words   |  5 PagesInternational comparison as an effective public policy tool: Significance of using comparative methodology in Higher Education The world undeniably becomes â€Å"smaller† and â€Å"tighter† due to the prosperity of technology and economics, by population movement, information exchange, as well as physical and virtual good trade-offs. In order to be successful when facing the opportunities and challenges in the global and informational age, it is not only helpful but even necessary to use international comparison asRead MoreInequalities in health and illness1511 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Class is linked to health because of four different reasons highlighted in the Black Report, The artifact approach is where the data between the higher and lower classes is not accurate enough, it’s a result of the way the data is source and collected. The social selection explanation is when people who are fitter and in better health have a better chance of being employed in better jobs. In comparison to people in lower social groups according to this theory will suffer more ill health andRead MoreP aradoxical Slogans in 19841661 Words   |  7 PagesSahil Aggarwal Williams IB English SL The Veracity of Paradoxical Slogans in 1984 The definition of a paradox is, â€Å"A statement that on the surface seems a contradiction, but that actually contains some truth.† In George Orwell’s, 1984, the use of paradoxes is exemplified in an attempt to allow the reader to understand the true intentions of a totalitarian government. By using war as a method of keeping peace in the society or even going so far as to further the degree of ignorance to greaten theRead MoreMedia Symbols Have Minimal Effects On Individuals955 Words   |  4 Pageswomen and minorities is produced and maintained is through â€Å"symbolic annihilation† in media. In other words overlooking or depicting these marginalized groups in narrow, condescending, trivializing or distorted ways (Gerbner, 1993; Tuchman 1978a). 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This particularly outlines areas where there is hostilityRead MoreThe Extent to Which Official Crime Statistics Provides a Reliable Estimate of the Amount of Crime Committed in England and Wales961 Words   |  4 Pagesguilty or, as the miscarriages of justice has shown, abuse to convict the innocent. As a result of these miscarriages of justice some changes were introduced to prevent them happening again. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced to protect suspects. With regards to Crime and the society, there is no doubt that crime and fear of crime are consistently high on the list of public concerns, and statistics also suggest that crime has risen overRead MoreA Brief Note On Reverse Racism And Affirmative Action1699 Words   |  7 Pagesreverse racism. The most common case of reverse racism is when Caucasian people claim that policies like affirmative action gives people of color an advantage over them. However this is not true at all; what affirmative action was meant to do is allow minorities an equal opportunity relative to Caucasians. Statistically, most people that do not attend universities tend to come from low-income families, which tend to have a certain demographic. When someone comes from a low-income family, there are thingsRead MoreThe Fairness And Lack Of Fairness1634 Words   |  7 Pagesparticipation, singling certain people out. To ensure that equality is achieved it must first insure equity. Throughout many institutions of education social inequity has been shown through social class, race and ethnicity and gender. As of this many minorities and certain people have been caused to feel an unjust service is being provided to them. However, teaching and learning process have seen to be altered and improved to try and promote greater social equity. Education not only effects your futureRead MoreThe Holocaust : A Major Effect On Judaism1409 Words   |  6 Pagesmajor effect on survivors and has left many with physical and emotional scars. The related journal article â€Å"Surviving the Holocaust: A Meta-Analysis of the Long-Term Sequelae of a Genocide† states â€Å"The atrocities of the Nazis against Jews and other minority populations during the war were horrific. Victims were rounded up and transported like animals to concentration camps, there endured continuous threats to life, depersonalization, and loss of significant others. They suffered from horrendous living

Case Study South Africa Essay - 1498 Words

Case study: South Africa South Africa is an upper-middle income country with a population of 52 million people and a GDP of 312.80 billion US dollars (â€Å"Statistics South Africa | The South Africa I Know, The Home I Understand†, n.d.). The country has the second largest economy in Africa; it plays a prominent role in sub-Saharan Africa and in the continent as a whole. South Africa was hugely shaped by the apartheid legacy, a system of racial segregation that began during the colonial rule and was officially enforced by the National Party after the elections of 1948. Apartheid regime ended in 1994 and the newly elected government led by the African National Congress (ANC) had to deal with enormous challenges in terms of poverty and huge inequalities. ANC’s election manifesto, the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) emphasised that â€Å"attacking poverty and deprivation† must be â€Å"the first priority of a democratic government† (Statistics South Africa 2014). RDP w as an ambitious socioeconomic framework focusing on addressing â€Å"economic imbalances† and â€Å"democratising† the economy (ANC, 1994 cited in Francis, 2006), redistribution through major land reform, house construction and service provision. In 1996, the RDP was substituted by a neo-liberal programme â€Å"Growth, Employment and Redistribution (GEAR)†, which was an export-led orthodox macroeconomic strategy coupled with trade liberalisation. This rightward shift of policy aimed at maintaining the confidence of internationalShow MoreRelatedWaste Reduction And Zero Waste Strategies Essay1731 Words   |  7 Pagesattempts to give a zero waste analysis for product waste for a particular South African Case Study. The case study is for two communities that are located near a landfill site. One is recognized as an official settlement while the other is informal. 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MOving About Free Essays

Inertia is a property of matter that causes it to resist changes in velocity (speed and/or direction) (Rouse, 2005). Basically Inertia is a word we use when we talk about matter and movement (Unknown Author, Unknown Date). This idea goes all the way back to Sir Isaac Newton, a great physicist. We will write a custom essay sample on MOving About or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Newton’s first law of motion it is stated that: 1 . An object at rests tends to stay in rest 2. An object in motion tends to stay in motion A great example of inertia would be if a car is driven directly into a brick wall, the car would stop because of the external force which is exerted upon by the wall. The driver requires a force to stop his body from moving forward, this can be prevented by a settable, or otherwise inertia will cause his body to keep moving forward until his body is acted upon by the same force. Newton’s First Law: Newton’s First Law of Motion states that â€Å"Every object continues in its state of rest or uniform motion unless made to change by a non-zero net force. † This law says if an object is accelerating, that is it experiencing a change on velocity, and then an unbalanced (or resultant or net) force must be acting upon it (Warren, N, 2004). From his law we can conclude that forces cause changes in motion (that is, accelerations)- they do not cause motion (Warren, N, 2004). . Newton’s First Law, Image Courtesy by: Revision World Newton’s first law is not apparent in real world situations because there are usually too many external forces acting upon objects on the Earth’s surface. Common experience does not always seem to be in agreement with this law (Warren, N, 2004). A driver of a car on a level road for example, still needs to press the accelerator to move at a constant speed (Warren, N, 2004). Why does the car not accelerate? The season, of course, is that friction exists between the car and the road (Warren, N, 2004). Hence the forces in this case are balanced and so the law is valid (Warren, N, 2004). To accelerate the car, we need to apply an unbalanced force, that is, press the accelerator more (Warren, N, 2004). Low Speed zone, Road Rules and Safety devices: In recent years many local councils have introduced lower speed limits and placed speed humps in streets to reduce the speed of cars (Warren, N, 2004). Evidence shows, and physics dictates, that slower moving cars cause less damage to occupants if a crash results (Warren, N, 2004). The speed humps makes it difficult for drivers to speed since they would damage their cars if they hit humps too fast (Warren, N, 2004). Low Speed zones are in place because, the lower your velocity, the less momentum you have and the quicker you can stop (Unknown Author, 2007). Low speed zones keep the risk of major damage to a minimum by decreasing the momentum of cars (Indri, U, 2011). Momentum increases with both velocity and mass, as shown in the equation (Indri, U, 2011). It is important to keep momentum low because in the equation, as the momentum (P) increases, so does the impact force (F) (Indri, U, 2011). Therefore lower speed zones also allow for a shorter stopping distance, reducing speed decreases the chance of a collision to take place, by decreasing the stopping distance and lowering momentum (Indri, U, 2011). Modern cars are built with many safety devices including: 1 . Seat Belts 2. Airbags 3. Crumple Zones Each of these devices works by effectively increasing the over which passengers are brought to rest in the event of collision (Warren, N, 2004). Air Bags and Crumple Zones both increase the stopping distance of a vehicle. Relating back to Impulse = Force X Distance, If the distance is increased, the force is lower, this reduces the ores put on the vehicle, and the occupants inside it (Unknown Author, 2007). Seat Belts: (Explain in terms of inertia) In 1948 Tucker cars became the first car company to include seat belts, prior to which even minor motor vehicle accidents could cause serious injury (Marshal and Gibson lawyers, 2012). In 1968, the United States was the first country in the world to make it a legal requirement that all new cars have seat belts (Marshal and Gibson lawyers, 2012). A seat belt is a safety harness designed to secure the occupant of a vehicle against harmful movement that may result from a collision (Indri, U, 2011). As part of an overall occupant restraint system, seat belts are intended to reduce injuries by stopping the wearer from hitting hard interior elements of the vehicle or other passengers and by preventing the passenger from being thrown from the vehicle (Indri, U, 2011). Most seat belts are equipped with locking mechanisms (or inertia reels) that tighten the belt when pulled fast (e. G. Y the quick force of a passenger’s body during a crash) but do not tighten when pulled slowly (Indri, U, 2011). This is implemented with a centrifugal clutch, which engages as the reel spins quickly (Indri, U, 2011). Alternatively, this function may be secured by a weighted pendulum or ball bearing: when these are deflected by deceleration or roll-over they lock into pawls on the reel (Indri, U, 2011). There are three types of inertia reel seat belts: 1. NIL-(No Locking Retractor) 2. LEER V-(Emergency Locking Retractor-vehicle sensitive) 3. LEER M-(Emergency Locking Retractor-vehicle and Webbing sensitive) Air bags: Hitcher, a retired industrial engineering technician, received a patent in 1953 for what he called a â€Å"safety cushion assembly for automotive vehicles (McCormick, L, 2006). † His U. S. Patent No. As the first prototype for today’s modern airbags (McCormick, L, 2006). Hitcher designed the system to reduce injuries during emergency braking and frontal collisions, according to a story in American Heritage about his invention (McCormick, L, 2006). In that story, Hitcher recalled the inspiration for his invention: â€Å"In the spring of ’52, my wife, my seven-year-old daughter, Joan, and I were out for a Sunday drive in our 1948 Chrysler Windsor (McCormick, L, 2006). About three miles outside Newport, we were watching for deer bounding across the road (McCormick, L, 2006). Suddenly, there was a large rock in our path, Just past the crest of a hill (McCormick, L, 2006). I remember hitting the brakes and veering the car to the right (McCormick, L, 2006). We went into the ditch but avoided hitting both a tree and a wooden fence (McCormick, L, 2006). As I applied the brakes, both my wife and I threw our hands up to keep our daughter from hitting the dashboard during the ride home, I couldn’t stop thinking about the accident (McCormick, L, 2006). I asked myself: Why couldn’t some object come out to stop you from striking the inside of the car? (McCormick, L, 2006)† When he returned home, Hitcher started s ketching designs for his â€Å"safety cushion. McCormick, L, 2006)† The primary purpose of the airbag is to slow the passenger’s speed to zero with little or no damage (Indri, U, 2011). The constraints that it has to work within are huge (Indri, U, 2011). The airbag has the space between the passenger and the steering wheel or dashboard and a fraction of a second to work with (Indri, U, 2011). Even that tiny amount of space and time is valuable, however, if the system can slow the passenger evenly rather than forcing an abrupt halt to his or her motion (Indri, U, 2011). There are three parts to an airbag that help to accomplish this feat: 1 . Air Bag: The bag itself is made of a thin, nylon fabric, which is folded into the steering wheel or dashboard or, more recently, the seat or door. . Crash Sensors: These small pieces of electronics are designed to tell when the vehicle has been damaged in an accident (Cars Direct, 2013). They respond to several different sets of stimuli, including sudden stopping, increased pressure as pieces of the car are moved due to the force of the collision, and more (Cars Direct, 2013). A mechanical switch is flipped when there is a mass shift that closes an electrical contact, telling the sensors that a c rash has occurred (Indri, U, 2011). The sensors receive information from an accelerometer built into a microchip (Indri, U, 2011). According to an engineering study and airbag can be deploy in 55 milliseconds. 3. Inflators: Once the control unit determines there is an accident, it sends a signal to the inflator system (Cars Direct, 2013). The inflator sets off a chemical charge, producing an explosion of nitrogen gas, filling up the airbag (Cars Direct, 2013). As the airbag fills up, it bursts through the paneling that contains it and enters into the space of the car in order to protect you (Cars Direct, 2013). Thus the use of the airbag decreases the overall force that is applied on the passenger resulting in less serious injuries and thus saves lives (Indri, U, 2011). . Impact Triggers Air Bag Inflation, Image Courtesy: Stephen Ramp Crumple Zones: The concept of the crumple zone safety feature was first used by the Mercedes-Benz engineer Bella Barrens on the 1959 model Mercedes-Benz â€Å"Fantail† (Rive, M, Unknown Year). This innovation was first patented by Mercedes-Benz in the early sass (Rive, M, Unknown Year). The patent was then granted as patent number 854157, minion (Rive, M, Unknown Year). A crumple zone is an area of the vehicle that is designed to change shape on impact with another object at high speed (Graininess, E, 2008). This is in order to redistribute the force exerted on the vehicle so that the driver remains relatively unharmed (Graininess, E, 2008). This is achieved by crafting the front and rear of the vehicle from a material that is designed to bend or collapse into itself upon impact (Graininess, E, 2008). Often, engineers will have to compromise between using a material that offers too little resistance to force and too great a resistance to force (Graininess, E, 2008). The best way to reduce the initial force in a crash with a given amount of mass and speed is to slow down the deceleration (Indri, U, 2011). You’ve seen this effect for yourself if you’ve had to slam on your brakes for any reason (Indri, U, 2011). The forces you experience in an emergency stop are much greater than when you gradually slow down for a stoplight (Indri, U, 2011). In a collision, slowing down the deceleration by even a few tenths off second can create a drastic reduction in the force involved (Indri, U, 2011). . The crumple zones and the passenger section of a car, Image Courtesy By: Mechanics Momentum In the equation Force = mass X acceleration (F=M x A), cutting the deceleration in half also cuts the force in half therefore, changing the deceleration time from . 2 seconds to . 8 seconds will result in a 75 percent reduction in total force (Graininess, E, 2008). Crumple zones accomplish this by creating a buffer zone around the perimeter of the car (Graininess, E, 2008). Certain parts of a car are inherently rigid and resistant to deforming, such as the passenger compartment and the engine (Graininess, E, 2008). If those rigid parts hit something, they will decelerate very quickly, resulting in a lot of force (Graininess, E, 2008). Surrounding those parts with crumple zones allows the less rigid materials to take the initial impact (Graininess, E, 2008). The car begins decelerating as soon as the crumple zone starts crumpling, extending the deceleration over a few extra tenths of a second (Graininess, E, 2008). The fundamental idea is that it takes force to damage them. Crumple zones spend as much force as possible so that other parts of the car as well as the occupants don’t suffer the effects (Indri, U, 2011). Effectiveness of Safety Devices: Seat Belts: Wearing a seat belt is one of easiest ways of protecting drivers and passengers when traveling in a vehicle (Western Australia Government, 2014). Seat belts protect vehicle occupants by decreasing the time it takes them to come to a stop in a crash, spreads the impact force over a greater area of the body, minimizes contact with the interior of the vehicle and helps stop them from being ejected from the vehicle (Western Australia Government, 2014). Failure to wear a seat belt contributes to more fatalities than any other single traffic safety-related behavior (Indri, U, 2011). % of people killed in accidents are not wearing seat belts (Indri, U, 2011). Wearing a seat belt use is still the single most effective thing we can do to protect ourselves in case of an accident (Indri, U, 2011). . Seat Belts, Image Courtesy By: Tableaus Seat belts are the most effective safety devices in vehicles today, estimated to save 9,500 lives each year (Indr i, U, 2011). Yet only 68 percent of the motor vehicle occupants are buckled. In 1996, more than 60 percent of the occupants killed in fatal crashes were unrestrained (Indri, U, 2011). . Fatalities where NV Occupant was Unrestrained, Image Courtesy By: Australian Government As you can see from the graph above after 2007 number of fatalities who were unrestrained have decreased over the year. This is because more effective laws came in and police patrol on roads also increased over the years. Our better understanding of safety of devices such as seat belts has also played a major part. Statistically, individuals who are in accidents that have manufacturer- installed airbags and who properly wear their seat belts have a better chance of making it out of a serious accident without serious injuries (Safer, 2006). Crumple Zones: In a typical crash scenario, the crumple zone effectively redistributes the force of impact on the vehicle, leaving the ‘safety cell’ intact whilst the front or rear of the vehicle is completely deformed (Car Safety Systems and Unknown Date). This means that the crumple zone is working correctly (Car Safety Systems and Unknown Date). However, crumple zones are designed to work in tandem with the additional safety features of a modern vehicle, such as the airbags, settable and collapsible steering column (Car Safety Systems and Unknown Date). Crumple Zones, Image Courtesy sys; ‘(21968 Crumple zones allow the front of the vehicle to crush like an accordion, absorbing some of the impact of the collision and giving some off in the form of heat and sound (K-12 School Websites, 2006). The front of the vehicle effectively acts as a cushion that slows the time it takes for the vehicle to come to a complete stop, applying less force on passengers, which could help save their lives (K-12 School Web Pages, 2006). Newton’s second law of motion, force = mass x acceleration, conveys that as the time it takes for an automobile to come to rest or change direction is increased, the force experienced by the automobile (and its occupants) is decreased (Erickson, Christopher, 2006). Conversely too, if the time to stop is shorter, the force experienced is greater (Erickson, Christopher, 2006). Crumple zones add time to the crash by absorbing energy (Erickson, Christopher, 2006). Air Bags: In Australia during 1997, the then Federal Office of Road Safety collaborated with UNCAP on a consumer information program comparing the injury outcome of a series of vehicle models with and without airbags (RACE, Unknown Date). The first release covered larger passenger cars that are popular with families and fleet buyers (RACE, Unknown Date). The test results showed that an airbag halves the chance of suffering a serious head injury (RACE, Unknown Date). A second series looked at the small car group which are very popular with private and first-time new car buyers (RACE, Unknown Date). Again the test results showed that an airbag at least halved the chance of suffering a serious head injury (RACE, Unknown Date). . Airbags, Image Courtesy By: Sally Dominique A recent US study has shown side airbags also to be highly effective in reducing the risk of serious injury or death, particularly those that include head protection. Previous research has shown that the installation of air bags in vehicles significantly reduces crash related deaths, but these analyses have used statistical techniques which have not been capable of controlling for other major determinants of crash survival (Barry, S, Gimping, S, O’Neill, T, 1999). Loose Objects in Cars: Every year, loose objects inside cars during crashes cause hundreds of serious injuries and even deaths (Abraham’, D, Wesleyan, M, Lamar, A, 2011). Recent studies have shown that many drivers are increasing the risk of injury or death in automobile accidents by leaving items unsecured (Grubber, D, 2012). The potential angers of loose objects in vehicles are strongly associated with Newton’s First Law of Motion, inertia (Cantina, 2005). For example, say a car is traveling along a straight road (Cantina, 2005). Loose objects in the auto are â€Å"acted upon† by the body, seats, or some other part of the vehicle (whatever is touching a loose object), whenever the car accelerates (Cantina, 2005). Let’s say we stop the car instantaneously and turn the car so it faces left (Cantina, 2005). What happens to all the loose objects inside the car? They are still going to obey the First Law of Motion, and try to continue going down the straight road (Cantina, 2005). However, since the car is now both stopped and facing left, the right wall of the car is in the way of the loose objects (Cantina, 2005). At that moment everything flies towards the right wall, and the loose objects crash hard against it (Cantina, 2005). If it wasn’t for seat belts, the driver and the passenger(s) would also smash into the right wall (Cantina, 2005). However despite wearing seat belts, a passenger can still feel the force that is pushing him towards the right side of the car, in this situation. If the car was extremely heavy, or was traveling at a considerable speed, then the force of the crash would be greater Cantina, 2005). This is because of Newton’s second law, F=ma, the larger the acceleration or mass, the greater the force (Cantina, 2005). This makes it obvious that loose objects in vehicles are dangerous and should be placed in compartments provided (Cantina, 2005). Everything that has been explained above can be proven right by conducting a firsthand investigation. However in this investigation, one does not have to make a sharp turn or have loose objects laying around the car. One can simply place their sunglasses on the dashboard and observe its movement whenever the car turns. If the car turns right then the sunglasses will move to the left and vice versa. This is a very simple yet accurate example of inertia in the car’s frame of reference. How to cite MOving About, Papers

Recognizing Pain In Elderly People With Dementia †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Recognizing Pain In Elderly People With Dementia Who Are Living In The Nursing Home. Answer: Description of health issues: Dementia is a common health issue in elderly people and it significantly interferes with normal daily life activities. The disease is associated with gradual deterioration in memory, communication, reasoning and judgment skills, ability to focus and visual perception. However, cognitive problem is not the only challenge for care givers of elderly people with dementia. In nursing homes, it has been found that 50% of elderly people have dementia and recognizing and assessing pain such people is very challenging (Hadjistavropoulos et al., 2014). Many barrier to pain assessment is seen because of personality changes, memory loss and impairment if judgment and abstract thinking skill in elderly people. Error in assessment might also occur because sometimes symptoms attributed with dementia are actually an indication of pain in patient. For example, dementia patients may display aggressive behavior when they experience pain and the care may mistake it as a symptom of dementia (Lichtner et al., 2014). Hence, considering unique challenges in recognizing pain in dementia patient, this report proposed developing a health promotion strategy to improve pain assessment of elderly people with dementia. The focus is mainly on female patients with dementia as women are at greater risk from dementia than men (Knapton, 2017). Evidence based strategy for health improvement: The evidence based strategy that is proposed for mitigating the barrier in pain assessment and managing pain in elderly patient with dementia is the use of sense-making theories to interpret pain in nursing homes. The strategy of using intuitive perception is considered important to mitigate the barrier to pain assessment because pain assessment tool does not provide the information that nurse need to recognize pain in patient. Hence, using the sense making theory may help to develop the intuitive knowledge of carer in nursing homes and improve their decision making regarding pain recognition and management. The theories of sense-making focuses on giving meaning to experiences and interpreting information from those experiences (Dowding et al., 2016). Hence, this approach can be used in nursing home to use intuitive skills to recognize the characteristics of cognition in elderly women dementia. This form of decision-making is highly dependent on interaction with patient and the highe r interaction, the more information is gained regarding level of pain in dementia patients. Mamykina, Smaldone, Bakken, (2015) also support the benefits of the sense making theory in management of chronic disease by using the framework of sense making for diabetes self-management. Hence, instead of relying on the technology and clinical tools, this health promotion project encourages carers observe patients behavior and make sense of those information to manage chronic diseases. Overview of the strategy: This health promotion strategy proposes developing the intuitive perception of nurse or care or elderly people with dementia by the application of the sense making theory and supporting them to recognize and assess pain in such patients. Sense making is mainly dependent on a persons ability to make sense of the phenomena (patients behavior or expression in response to pain), construct mental representation of that phenomenon and using this to guide action. This enables developing a pattern related to behavior of dementia patients during pain, discovering connections associated with pain and then engaging in appropriate management activities to reduce pain interaction, the more information is gained regarding level of pain in dementia patients (Mamykina, Smaldone, Bakken, 2015). Hence, in the context of recognizing pain the in dementia patient, the implementation of this health promotion intervention is dependent on extensive training of staffs and their experience in caring for deme ntia patients in nursing home. In nursing home, sense making theory can be applied for recognition of pain in dementia patients in the following ways: Nurses must be trained to build mental patterns of the patients behavior with time. The advantage of this approach is that it will support the nurse to identify the behavior or characteristics that indicate pain. Three necessary sense making strategies that will be necessary for the nurse to recognize pain will include perception of new information related to expression of pain in patient, development of inferences from certain behavior of patient and carrying out appropriate strategies to manage pain (Dowding et al., 2016). There is also need for collective work of the team because cognitive activity cannot be individual person and group of individuals monitoring the patients behavior and health status may give good information regarding identification of pain and cause of pain (Goodwin et al., 2014). As pain assessment in elderly dementia patient requires more cognitive power, it is necessary that organization routines and boundaries also support carers to devote time in identifying behavioral patterns of dementia patient. Therefore, redesigning the system of care will be necessary to promote care of elder adults with dementia (Callahan et al., 2014). With the use of sense making approach, the nurse can collect cues related to patient patterns of pain. Some of the signs of pain may be recognized by behavior, vocalization of pain and scores on formal assessment tools. Hence, pain assessment tool is not totally excluded in this intervention, instead this also informs about the pattern related to pain event in elderly patient. In response to this information, clinician or nurse can identify the experience as pain and implement necessary action to manage such patient situation (Dowding et al., 2016). Health promotion approach model to be used for the strategy: The above mentioned strategy is mainly based on the model of recognition-primed decision model (RPD). This model defines the process needed for effective decision making during complex situations. It can regarded as an effective health promotion approach model for dementia patients because this model also supports taking intuitive strategies such as pattern recognition to take proper action. The role of cognition is critical in improving safety of patient in nursing home setting and the RPD model will support the nurse to effectively recognize and manage pain of elderly adults (Lighthall Vazquez-Guillamet, 2015. The model will promote health promotion activities for dementia patients in nursing home because it also combines the intuitive and clinical information processing components to improve health status of individual. This is relevant to the sense making approach needed for recognition of pain and using this model as a framework will give direction to nurses or carer regarding the pain recognition and assessment process. Description of health promotion activities: To successful develop the skills of nurse in pattern recognition related to pain recognition in elderly dementia patients, the following health promotion activities will be necessary: Firstly, it will necessary to develop the cognitive skills of nurse and carers so that they engage in pattern recognition and develop intuitions regarding the behavior that is an indication of pain in patient. Hence, training sessions will mainly use the cognitive forcing strategies to encourage nurse to monitor dementia patients and increase their competency in using heuristics for identification of pain (Lichtner et al., 2016). The key resource required for this health promotion activities include pain assessment tool, appropriate behavior characteristics form of patient, training materials related to strategies needed for pattern recognition and follow up form to inform about patients behavioral patterns. The training and material and pain assessment tool is critical for carers because training material will enable nurse or carer too characterize patients behavior related to pain and tools will give information regarding pain levels and type of pain (Newton et al, 2014). Secondly, behavior characteristics form will inform the staffs about the individual response of patients to pain and this will be useful in communicating the information to other staffs involved in care of that patients too. The training activities will be collected prior to the implementation of activities and the process of intuition to collected cues related to pain will be done in nursing home. This health promotion project will need investment in the area of relevant pain assessment tool for dementia patient and covering the training cost. Evaluating the success of the strategy: The main objective of the use of sense making in recognizing pain in elderly people with dementia is : Eliminate the barrier to recognition of pain and assessment of pain such as misinterpreting patients behavior in response to pain as symptom of dementia Getting all the cues related to specific behavior that is an indication of pain in patient Recognizing the factors that is the cause of pain in patients (Lichtner et al., 2016) The success of the project will be determined by taking the feedback from the nurses or carers regarding the use of sense making approach for pain recognition. If they express that challenges in pain assessment has reduced after this approach, then this intervention can be continued for long term too. The next aspect is related to evaluating the outcome of dementia patient after the recognition of pain. Insufficient training or education regarding effective pain assessment is often a barrier to pain recognition and the outcome of patient may give an indication whether cares have been successful in conceptualizing pain situations of dementia patient or not. Secondly, the level of use of pain assessment tool is also critical for this pain assessment project because pattern recognition is also dependent on effectively measuring pain levels (Chacko, 2014). References Callahan, C. M., Sachs, G. A., LaMantia, M. A., Unroe, K. T., Arling, G., Boustani, M. A. (2014). Redesigning systems of care for older adults with Alzheimers disease.Health affairs,33(4), 626-632. Chacko, V. (2014). A Project to Empower the Staff Awareness in Best Practice Approach to Pain Assessment in Dementia. Dowding, D., Lichtner, V., Allcock, N., Briggs, M., James, K., Keady, J., ... Closs, S. J. (2016). Using sense-making theory to aid understanding of the recognition, assessment and management of pain in patients with dementia in acute hospital settings.International journal of nursing studies,53, 152-162. Goodwin, N., Dixon, A., Anderson, G., Wodchis, W. (2014).Providing integrated care for older people with complex needs: lessons from seven international case studies. London: King's Fund. Hadjistavropoulos, T., Herr, K., Prkachin, K. M., Craig, K. D., Gibson, S. J., Lukas, A., Smith, J. H. (2014). Pain assessment in elderly adults with dementia.The Lancet Neurology,13(12), 1216-1227. Knapton, S. (2017).Women at greater risk from dementia than men.Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2017, from https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/11754402/Women-at-greater-risk-from-dementia-than-men.html Lichtner, V., Dowding, D., Allcock, N., Keady, J., Sampson, E. L., Briggs, M., ... Closs, S. J. (2016). The assessment and management of pain in patients with dementia in hospital settings: a multi-case exploratory study from a decision making perspective.BMC health services research,16(1), 427. Lichtner, V., Dowding, D., Esterhuizen, P., Closs, S. J., Long, A. F., Corbett, A., Briggs, M. (2014). Pain assessment for people with dementia: a systematic review of systematic reviews of pain assessment tools.BMC geriatrics,14(1), 138. Lighthall, G. K., Vazquez-Guillamet, C. (2015). Understanding Decision Making in Critical Care.Clinical medicine research,13(3-4), 156-168. Mamykina, L., Smaldone, A. M., Bakken, S. R. (2015). Adopting the sensemaking perspective for chronic disease self-management.Journal of biomedical informatics,56, 406-417. Newton, P., Reeves, R., West, E., Schofield, P. (2014). Patient-centred assessment and management of pain for older adults with dementia in care home and acute settings.Reviews in Clinical Gerontology,24(2), 139-144.

Fearful Frankenstein free essay sample

Fearful Frankenstein People naturally fear the capabilities of science. Nuclear war, flying in airplanes, and even cloning are all examples of twenty-first century fears. We fear these because of science. Nuclear war would devastate the world, flying in airplanes is risky because of the unnatural ability of human flying, and cloning because it seems to play God. Well, according to Peter Hutchings in his book The Horror Film movie monsters are â€Å"expressions of or metaphors for socially specific fears and anxieties† (37). Frankenstein, by Mary Shelley, is an example of societies fears in the 1800’s. This was the time of the Industrial Revolution, and people were just beginning to see what science could do. Although Frankenstein is just a gothic novel, it is also an expression for societies fears of science and playing God in the 1800’s. The story of Frankenstein is a gruesome tale. Victor Frankenstein is a college student studying natural philosophy and chemistry. We will write a custom essay sample on Fearful Frankenstein or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He wants to find the secret of life and when he is certain he has found it he begins to create a life form. Victor spends months collecting body parts and putting them together to create a live being. One night he finally brings the monster to life, but he is fearful of how the monster looks and Victor runs into the city. Victor then finds his friend, Henry and he stays with him. Victor gets sick and decides to return home to be with his family, but then he receives word that his youngest brother has been murdered and he is convinced the monster did it. Victor hurries home and meets a kind girl the Frankenstein’s adopted named Justine Moritz. The Frankenstein’s believed that Justine committed the murder and she is then killed for her actions. Victor begins to feel very guilty for the death of now two innocent people. In need to ease his grief Victor goes to the mountains where his monster confronts him. The monster tells Victor he murdered his brother because he was trying to hurt his cruel creator for abandoning him. The monster also asks Victor to create him a mate, but Victor first refuses. The monster slowly convinces Victor to fulfill his wish, and Victor goes to a secluded island to begin to create a female monster. Victor continues working on a new monster until he sees his current beast glaring and grinning at him from outside the window; Therefore causing Victor to realize what the consequences of his actions could be so he destroys the female monster. The beast outside the window furiously declares revenge on Victor on his wedding night. Victor’s friend Henry is then murdered and Victor is put in jail because he is accused of the crime. Victor is finally able to return home where he marries a girl named Elizabeth. He remembers the monsters warning so he sends Elizabeth away to wait for him, but as he waits for the monster he hears Elizabeth’s screams and realizes the monster was after her. Victor returns home to his father again, who dies of grief soon after. Victor then vows to get revenge on the monster and he departs to begin his quest. The story ends with Victor dying of sickness, and then the monster kills himself to end his suffering (Shelley). Mary Shelly released Frankenstein in London in 1818 during a time of great advancement in science, otherwise known as the Industrial Revolution. Many people were frightened by what science could do. Frankenstein represents their fears because of the monster that Victor brought life to using extreme measures of science. In the book The Romantic Frankenstein by Anneli Elsaesser she states: Shelley’s novel can be interpreted in a way that suggests that she wants to criticize this new development and its consequences, particularly the consequences that can arise when scientists deal with their creation in an irresponsible way. These concerns surface in the novel a lot, particularly in the idea of the scientist as God, and thus creator of new life, but also in the obvious lack of responsibility that Frankenstein displays towards his creation (8) Frankenstein represents people’s fears during the Industrial Revolution, because of their fear in science and the effects it will have on society. Victor irresponsibly left his monster, which parallels to societies fear of science not being able to handle what it creates. Elsaesser continues to explain, â€Å"Many romantic poets concerned with this new development felt that the mass production and dehumanization of the Industrial Revolution posed a threat to the Romantic ideals†¦they didn’t approve of the scientist’s desire to break down and understand nature to the last atom and not to accept the mysteries of nature† (Elsaesser 8). Frankenstein was an expression of this fear of playing with science and nature expressed by Victor creating life. People also did not like the idea of scientist’s playing God. In Shelly’s story, Victor â€Å"would try to take the reins from God in the process of life and death by creating the monster and giving it life, the research would turn around and destroy the researcher. There are some secrets that man isnt intended to know† (Anzia1). Victor’s consequence for playing God not only led to his death, but the death of everyone he loved as well. This was people’s fear with the Industrial Revolution because of the new machinery, technology, and scientific advancements. Movie monsters express societies fears. Frankenstein displays societies fears in scientific advancements. Victor played with science and played with God, thus defining certain fears in the 1800’s. Societies fears with science are all understood, especially when it comes to scientific advancements. Science is oblivious to what it is creating, and it’s only a matter of time until another â€Å"Frankenstein† is created. Works Cited Anzia, Michael. Mary Shellys Frankenstein and Its Indictment of the Enlightenment. Associated Content. 8 June 2008. Web. 26 Apr. 2011. Elsaesser, Anneli. The Romantic Frankenstein. Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 2006. Print. Hutchings, Peter. The Horror Film. Harlow, England: Pearson Longman, 2004. Print. Shelley, Mary Wollstonecraft. Frankenstein. Irvine, CA: Saddleback Pub. , 2006. Print.

Free Essays on Moral Panic

â€Å"Protecting Our Children from Internet Smut: Moral Duty or Moral Panic?† Julia Wilkins’ article Protecting our Children from Internet Smut: Moral Duty or Moral Panic? which appeared in the September/October issue of The Humanist is an argument for the idea that the media (epically magazines) fuels unnecessary mass hysteria over issues such as pornography on the internet. Wilkins feels that magazines such as Newsweek and Times have caused the public to worry about children being exposed to pornography via the internet based on incorrect statistics and false studies published by unreliable parties. In her article Wilkins discusses how these publications were taken seriously not only by the general public, but also by important government officials such as Senator Charles Grassley, former Senator James Exon and Senator dan Coats. Grassley used an article from Time magazine called â€Å"On a Screen Near You: Cyberporn† to persuade the senate to pass the Protection of Children from Pornography Act of 1995, which made it â€Å"illegal for anyone to knowingly or recklessly transmit indecent material to minors.† In 1996 Exon and Coats sponsored the Communications Decency Act, which made it illegal to transmit pornography over the Internet. Wilkins argues that both of these acts, while created to protect children, do nothing more than violate first amendment rights and cause undue worry. She feels that while pornography is present on the Internet, that it is not easily accessible to children since a credit card is required for access in most cases. She also points out that parents should be responsible for monitoring what their children are viewing on their computers and that the children being exposed to inappropriate material on the Internet are likely the ones who are going out looking for it. She further argues that these children will simply find it elsewhere if they cannot find it on the net. In Wilkins’ article moral panic... Free Essays on Moral Panic Free Essays on Moral Panic â€Å"Protecting Our Children from Internet Smut: Moral Duty or Moral Panic?† Julia Wilkins’ article Protecting our Children from Internet Smut: Moral Duty or Moral Panic? which appeared in the September/October issue of The Humanist is an argument for the idea that the media (epically magazines) fuels unnecessary mass hysteria over issues such as pornography on the internet. Wilkins feels that magazines such as Newsweek and Times have caused the public to worry about children being exposed to pornography via the internet based on incorrect statistics and false studies published by unreliable parties. In her article Wilkins discusses how these publications were taken seriously not only by the general public, but also by important government officials such as Senator Charles Grassley, former Senator James Exon and Senator dan Coats. Grassley used an article from Time magazine called â€Å"On a Screen Near You: Cyberporn† to persuade the senate to pass the Protection of Children from Pornography Act of 1995, which made it â€Å"illegal for anyone to knowingly or recklessly transmit indecent material to minors.† In 1996 Exon and Coats sponsored the Communications Decency Act, which made it illegal to transmit pornography over the Internet. Wilkins argues that both of these acts, while created to protect children, do nothing more than violate first amendment rights and cause undue worry. She feels that while pornography is present on the Internet, that it is not easily accessible to children since a credit card is required for access in most cases. She also points out that parents should be responsible for monitoring what their children are viewing on their computers and that the children being exposed to inappropriate material on the Internet are likely the ones who are going out looking for it. She further argues that these children will simply find it elsewhere if they cannot find it on the net. In Wilkins’ article moral panic...

Sri Lankan travellers needs and expectations about airline websites Literature review

Sri Lankan travellers needs and expectations about airline websites - Literature review Example Increasing demands of the customers have forced almost every business to have their own website. Similarly the airline industry has also been actively participating in this race and many airlines now maintain very attractive and eye catching websites (Weeks and Crouch, 1999; Morrison et al., 1999). The recent years have seen many studies and researches in the field of website assessment (Liu, 2000, Olsina, 1999 and Barnes and Vidgeon, 2001). Although there is a great deal of variation in the website design and content amongst different industries nonetheless quite a few assessment tools with precise excellence criterion have been made (Kim, Shaw and Schneider, 2003). The flowchart regarding the website evaluation is given below: Figure: 1 Website Evaluation Flowchart (Park and Gretzel, 2007, p.48). Website evaluation methods used by different authors As the internet has developed very rapidly there has been a number of websites available now. This vastness of information and types of websites makes it a necessity there must be some sort of criteria for the evaluation of these websites so that a proper level of quality can be maintained and junk material could be avoided (Seoyoung and Jinwoo, 2004). In order to carry out this evaluation a study was carried out and the characteristics were collected and analyzed. The contents were divided in to a number of categories so that it becomes easy to evaluate each one. The 4 Ps category division by McCarthy (1976) was adapted as the initial division criterion These 4 Ps were â€Å"product, price, promotion and point-of-sale†. It has been argued by some researchers that the above mentioned 4 Ps fit properly with the internet related stuff especially websites (Chaffey et al., 2003) however some other authors recommend total substitution of these 4 Ps (Constantinides, 2002; Kotler, 1998). A model for the adaptation of internet commerce has been developed by Burgess and Cooper (1999). The model is composed of 3 point s i.e. endorsement that relates knowledge regarding the corporation provision regarding interaction dispensation linked to online communication Ho (1997) uses an approach for website evaluation that is based upon the approach of phases. According to him the structure of the evaluation criterion is based upon 2 dimensional matrixes. First dimension is of â€Å"purpose† which is divided into 3 further categories i.e. Promotion i.e. data regarding the services and products provided to the clients Provision i.e. presence of information in order to attain the exposure, good will, and credibility. Processing i.e. commerce dealings. The 2nd dimension is called ‘value-created’’. This dimension is also divided into further categories named i.e. well-timed worth, custom significance, logistic worth and amazing value. Wan (2002) projected a tool for evaluating and ranking the international websites for tourists. He used 3 categories i.e. diversity of knowledge, user interface ease, and online reservation facility. â€Å"Airline Site Evaluation Framework (ASEF)† The website analysis of an air line usually address the requirement for ASEF i.e. a â€Å"client-oriented Airline Site Evaluation Framework (ASEF)† in which the assessment techniques and instrumentation methods developed previously were used with particular

Palliative care, on communication at the end of life Assignment

Palliative care, on communication at the end of life - Assignment Example e family case, and in recording consistently the remaining days or hours of the patients as well as the responses of its family in these critical hours. 1. Preparing for a family meeting   -- This refer to the necessary requirements to be done by the care giver to set appropriate measure to communicate to the patient’s family. This stage may include formal or informal manner of putting across the message about the imperative of devoting fiduciary time together in order to prepare them psychologically and emotionally the possible termination of life. The nurse or care giver must ready all desired information available relating to the patient condition; the necessary or expected responses of the family; the needed medicines; and the desired emotional acceptance of patient’s family members to an impending unchangeable fate. 2. Conducting a family meeting  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ this refer to the actual meeting of the medical professional and nurses with the family to discuss empirically the condition of the patient. This is a sober condition where medical practitioners would persuasively convey to the family the patient’s state and the impending limitation of its life toward potential termination. This meeting should be conducted in confidentially, cordial but often straightforward, and delivered with certain level of empathy. Attending physician will be illustrating to the family that all medical care has been exhausted for the patient and that the necessary support care needed to remove potential hindrances that may impinge the optimal transference of supportive strategies from health care professionals to family who are recipient of palliative care. The meeting will likewise discuss the needed supportive care and plan for the next step intervention that are relevant and imperative to make palliative care effective for the dying. This is the most difficult part because the practitioner is called to balance one’s values in decision-making, these being the cornerstone,

History of Japan and its Relationship with the World

History of Japan and its Relationship with the World CHAPTER II JAPAN IN ITS SURROUNDING REGION 2.1 Japan in the Post Cold War World When the Berlin wall fell, symbolizing the end of the Cold War, the global balance of power shifted from a tense military stand-off between the worlds two superpowers-the Soviet Union and United States- to one of American dominance. The end of the Cold War, which had gripped the world for nearly a half century, transformed the parameters and dynamics of international security. The end of Cold War did not have the same, immediate impact in Asia than it did in Europe. There was no Soviet Empire in Asia comparable to the vast territories under Moscows control in Europe. While Communist regimes collapsed from Berlin to Moscow, Marxism-Leninism continued to be the ruling orthodoxy in the PRC, North Korea, and Vietnam. In Europe, the fall of the Berlin Wall led to German unification, removing what had been arguably the greatest source of tension in European politics between 1945 and 1989. in Asia, however, disputes over national boundaries remained widespread, from the demilitarized zone between the two Koreas to the Spratley Islands in the South China Sea. Although the collapse of Soviet Union led to a considerable reduction in military tensions in Asia, the potential of conflict, if anything, increased on the Korean peninsula and in the Taiwan Strait. In the bold new world, Japan continued to confront with the strategic dilemma of protecting the vital sea-lanes along with the lifeblood of its economy flowed. Historically rooted fears of Japanese military power eased somewhat, at least in Japan and South East Asia. Nonetheless, the Japanese public remained profoundly uncomfortable with the notion that Japan should assume a larger military role, and in Northeast Asia-especially in China and Korea-historical animosities emerged all the stronger. The 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States has also altered the world significantly. Governments around the world now realize that they are facing a new kind of threat that differs from the traditional ones. These new threat also includes various other kinds of aspects that influenced Japans security environment, such as Human trafficking, drug related crime, cyber crime, money laundering, Piracy, and other cross-border organized crimes. This research applies the Neorealism assumption that structures defines a states behaviour, and implies Kenneth N. Waltzs notion that a state is a rational actor that chooses its security strategy based on an assessment of its security environment. In this sense, the researcher argues that Japans relationship with its closest neighbours and also the emergence of the non traditional threat determines how Japan acts towards its alliance relationship with the United States in accordance with its effort on reaching security. Therefore, in this chapter the researcher will try to explore Japans regional environments, which will be explained through several crucial issues that Japan is facing with its neighbours. But before that, in order to explain Japans position in the region, it is also crucial to understand the basic nature of Japan, including its unique pacifist policies, its dilemma on defining national interest, and also its evolving defence posture. 2.2 Japan as a Pacifist Country Japan, or also known as â€Å"The Land of the Rising Sun†[1] is a moderately small country with a total of 377,835 square kilometres of total area and 374,744 square kilometres of land area.[2]. Japan has a Constitutional Monarchy[3] political system with its Emperor as symbol of state. It also has a Parliamentary form of government, with elected bicameral legislature called National Diet[4], consisting of House of Councillors, and also House of Representatives.[5] The head of the government in Japan is the Prime Minister, who must be a member of the House of Representatives and is usually the leader of the largest party in the House of Representatives. After its defeat in the Second World War, Japan has been positioning itself in the relationship among nations as a pacifist country. The subsequent sub-chapter will explore more of Japans pacifist constitution, which has been a symbol of Japans commitment to peace and more importantly its renunciation of wartime militarism. The following sub-chapter will also mentions several of Japans basic principle on pacifism, which clearly signs its effort in war renunciation, namely those principles are the Three Principles of Arms Exports, the Three Non-Nuclear Principles, and also the Self-Defense Force Law. 2.2.1 Japans Peace Constitution Since its promulgation in 1946, Japans constitution, and in particular its preamble and the article 9 â€Å"peace clause,† have occupied central positions in determining the direction of Japanese security policy. The constitution is the origin of a range of prohibitions and anti-militaristic principles that constrain Japans use of military force for national security ends, limiting the military to defending only the states own territory. It also creates significant barriers to cooperation with the United States and with the wider international community.[6] The constitutions preamble states Japans ideals with regard to security: We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship, and we have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world. We desire to occupy an honoured place in an international society striving for the preservation of peace, and the banishment of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance for all time from the earth. We recognize that all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace, free from fear and want. [7] Chapter 2 of article 9 of the constitution, â€Å"The Renunciation of War,† reads as follows†: â€Å"Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.†[8] Article 9 is the cornerstone of Japans pacifism. But Pacifism alone has not keep Japan free and safe, Japans security has been guaranteed by the presence of American military personnel in Japan and the shelter of the US nuclear umbrella. 2.2.2 Japans Self-Defense Force Law Having renounced war, the possession of war potential, the right of belligerency, and the possession of nuclear weaponry, Japan held the view that it should possess only the minimum defense necessary to face external threats. within those limits, the self defense forces law of 1954 provides the basis from which various formulations of SDF missions have been derived. The law states that ground, maritime, and air forces are to preserve the peace and independence of the nation and to maintain national security by conducting operations on land, at sea, and in the air to defend the nation against direct and indirect aggression. [9] 2.2.3 Japans Three Non-Nuclear Principles As the only nation in the world to experience the disastrous effect of the nuclear weapon, the Japanese people strongly put emphasize on the effort to eliminate nuclear weapons. This notion has been firmly translated into the non-nuclear principles that Japan is upholding until now. Articulated by Prime Minister Eisaku Sato in 1967, Japans Three Non-Nuclear principles are:[10] Ø Not to make such (nuclear) weapons Ø Not to possess them Ø Not to bring them into Japan Japan later reaffirmed the principles when ratifying the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1976 and agreed to extend the treaty indefinitely in 1995. After 64 years of its promulgation, in 2009, Japans Prime Minister Taro Aso reaffirms that Japan would still going to adhere to its Three Non-Nuclear Principles.[11] 2.2.4 Japans Three Principles of Arms Exports The Three Principles on Arms Exports prevent Japanese firms from selling military hardware and technology on the international market. Like the Three non-nuclear principles, these export restrictions were established by Prime Minister Sato in 1967.[12] Its actual purpose is for Tokyo to bar shipments to the communists bloc and countries on the UN sanction lists. The ban was extended in 1976 to cover all countries, but then eased in 1983 when the United States sought to buy high tech materials for its Stealth bomber fleet and for other uses.[13] The three principles of arms exports prohibit Japan from conducting arms exports to the following countries or regions: Ø Communist bloc countries Ø Countries subject to arms exports embargo under the United Nations Security Councils Resolution and Ø Countries involved in or likely being involved in international conflicts.[14] Up until today, despite increasing calls for the legislation to be relaxed, Japan has no plans to review a government policy that prohibits the export of all military equipment and technologies. 2.3 Japans National Interest References to national interest constitute a new development in Japanese discourse on security. As an academic leaded term, National interest implies a host of realist assumptions concerning state-to state relations and the international system. The concept of national interests is a crucial factor to detect the policy of a state. The hierarchy of national interests can be classified into[15]: Ø Vital, national interests are conditions that are strictly necessary to safeguard and enhance states survival and well-being in a free and secure nation, Ø Extremely Important, national interests are condition that, if compromised, would severely prejudice but not strictly imperil the ability of the states government to safeguard and enhance the well-being of citizens of state in a free and secure nation. Ø Important, national interests are conditions that, if compromised, would have major negative consequences for the ability of the states government to safeguard and enhance the well-being of citizens of a state in a free and secure nation, and Less Important or Secondary, in which national interests are not unimportant. They are important and desirable conditions, but ones that have little direct impact on the ability of the states government to safeguard and enhance the well-being of citizens of state in a free and secure nation. To achieve and secure its national interest, a state would conduct every possible method. However, the term National interest bears a special meaning in the Japanese context. No common agreement exists among elites as to what Japans national interest entails. In fact, national interest is simultaneously a loaded term and a buzzword. When used by policy-oriented Diet members- often young lawmakers in the Liberal Democratic Party of Japan and Democratic Party of Japan-the term loosely corresponds to the academic definition of national interest. In the case of the LDP, however, the term may also contain nationalist overtones. On the other hand, Japanese politicians also employ national interest as a form of rhetoric. For example, when justifying the SDFs dispatch to southern Iraq, Prime Minister Koizumi told the Japanese press that: Reconstruction and stability of Iraq will be directly related to Japans National Interest.[16] Alternatively, during speeches and interviews, Japanese politicians may refer to national interest out of a desire to appear intellectual. Basically, Japan and the United States share common strategic objectives in the Asia-Pacific region. They seek a politically stable and economically viable, open region. Both would like the US to maintain its strong presence in the region. Both want to play an active role in the field of non-traditional security.[17] Dr Masayuki Yamauchi, the member of the Task Force Foreign Relations chaired by Special Adviser to the Cabinet Secretariat Okamoto, proposed that Japans national interests are almost the same as those of the United States, which shares common values such as freedom, democracy, and free trade with Japan. According to him, Japans national interests are[18]: 2.3.1 Maintenance of the Peace and Security of Japan. Security is the most vital national interest for every nation. To maintain its security, Japan as one of the worlds political leaders should engage itself actively in global security affairs. In this notion, former Prime Minister Koizumi stated in accordance with this matter in a press conference that: â€Å"Considering the fact that the development and prosperity of Japan rests upon the peace and stability of the world, I am convinced that the assistance that Japan currently provides, which realizes the policy of the Japan-US Alliance and international coordination, is in its national interest†[19] In a broader sense, the Japanese government also realizes that creating a secure and prosperous world is vital to Japans national interest, in a regional sense, Japans relation with its neighbours are the crucial point for this matter, this shows as the former Prime Minister Taro Aso stated in one of his speeches: â€Å"I have already met with President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao of China eight times in total. I have also held eight summit meetings with President Lee Myung-Bak of the ROK, including the one on the day before yesterday. I believe that the relations with the leaders of these two countries are the closest they have ever been in the post-World War II era. It is we ourselves who create a world that is secure and prosperous. When Japan takes proactive steps towards the realization of such a world, Japan truly furthers its own national interests†[20] More in this notion, the then Foreign Minister for Foreign Affairs Taro Aso mentions the importance of Japan to enhance its position in the region as a key player is stated in one of his speeches: â€Å"Japan is a country whose own prosperity depends on the stability and peace that exists around the globe as a whole. To bring us back to the metaphor of the chain, Japan has national interests in raising the degree of the chain as a whole, even should the means be indirect.†[21] In order to achieve security and prosperity, Japan realizes that the Japan-United States alliance is a vital element to achieve the perceived interest. Former Prime Minister Taro Aso stated in one of his statement that: â€Å"As this issue clearly demonstrates, Japans security and prosperity cannot be secured through the efforts of Japan alone. First of all, it is indispensable that the effectiveness of the Japan-US alliance be ensured. This alliance is a living arrangement and not something for which it suffices simply to have a piece of treaty document. We must constantly strengthen the Japan-US Security Arrangements through unremitting efforts by both Japan and the US. At the same time, as Japan asserts its national interests and gains the cooperation of relevant countries, it must fulfil its international responsibilities in tangible ways.†[22] â€Å"Stability was guaranteed by the Alliances among the free nations. On a global scale, balance and nuclear parity were achieved between Eastern and Western blocs. In North East Asia, the United States stood to bear the burden of security vis-à  -vis the communist military colossi like the Soviets, Chinese and North Koreans, and maintained stability in the region. We owe the peace and prosperity that has been created largely to the United States. And todays spread of democracy in the region is nothing but the result of tireless and colossi efforts by the United States to be a beacon of democracy world wide. It is only the Americans among the Western powers who shed blood of tens of thousands of nationals for the cause of freedom in the region.†[23] Japans peace and security can be regarded as a vital national interest, as this is stated by Nobukatsu Kanehara, the then Political Minister of Japan in 2005: â€Å"Japans grand strategy and vital interests consists in maintaining todays strategic stability and economic prosperity of the entire region. Japan can not do it alone. Maybe no nation could do it alone. And it is naturally that the Japan-US alliance, the alliance of the two biggest industrial democracies in the Asia-Pacific region, is and will be the best vehicle to achieve this daunting goal.†[24] â€Å"Japan is one of the major powers whose vital interests are entrusted to the stability of the world system. As Japan pursues its three major points of national interest, namely her own survival, stability, and prosperity, what is clear is that for a country of Japans size, no event occurring in the world can be ignored as being of no relation or interests.[25]† 2.3.2 Support for the free trade system. It is evident that the free trade system is important for Japan to enjoy economic prosperity. Accordingly, Japan should strengthen the free trade system by establishing a network of bilateral free trade agreements and support the World Trade Organization. â€Å"To promote democracy, free market and to enhance stability and prosperity in the region is not only Japans and Americans interests. It is the historic mission of the Japan-US alliance, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs develops global rules for the world economy and ensures that Japans national interests are reflected within them, a role which is clear and which cannot be carried out by any other domestic entity†[26] In the past, Japan has consistently supported the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) since it became a contracting party to the Agreement[27]. Japan has also believes that the global economy has prospered under the open, multilateral trading system under the GATT. Subsequently after the establishment of the World Trade Organizations after the Uruguay rounds, Japan has always been a contributing supportive member[28]. It could be concluded, then, that the maintenance and strengthening of a free and non-discriminatory multilateral trading system is Japans fundamental policy. 2.3.3 Protection of freedom, democracy and human rights. Freedom and democracy are Japans significant accomplishments since the Meiji Era. It is Japans duty to demonstrate a consistent commitment to the protection of these values in order to maintain regional stability. Taro Aso stated in accordance with Japans foreign policy of the issue of Japans determination towards democracy, peace and human rights: â€Å"Coming as we are from this background with such achievements, when it comes to talk of â€Å"universal values† that are commonly held in the world in general, whether it be talk of democracy, or peace, freedom, or human rights, Japan will no longer hesitate to state its views. This is what I am referring to when I speak of value oriented diplomacy, and my remarks to you here today constitute both a declaration of our qualifications and an expression of our determination.†[29] Democracy, peace, and human rights have a significant portion in the conduct of foreign policy for the government of Japan. In the Charter of Official Development Assistance decided in June 1992, Japan announced that, as the basic principles in implementing its aid, it would pay full attention to efforts toward promoting democratization and market-oriented economies, and to situations of basic human rights and freedom in recipient countries.[30] 2.3.4 Promotion of people to people exchanges and development of human resources through exchanges in the area of culture and education. Japan was the first modern country in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan put emphasis on developing human resources and it is because of the promotion of people-to-people exchange and development of human resources that Japan has flourished. It is important for Japan to continue to increase the number of people who understand Japan well. The 1992 diplomatic blue book of Japan stated in one of its paragraph relevantly this issue: â€Å"Japan has come to occupy an important position in the international community where interdependence among countries is growing. Overseas interest in Japan is being heightened. It is in Japans national interest in the medium and-long term to strengthen efforts to further deepen understanding of foreign countries toward Japan through broad cultural and educational exchanges†[31] The Government of Japan viewed that cultural exchange with other countries is a very important means of deepening understanding of Japan on the part of other countries and promoting international friendship and goodwill. It is the intention of the Japanese government to expand and strengthen various cultural exchange activities, as a major part of its diplomatic efforts[32]. 2.4 Japans Security Environments Japan is located in the Pacific Ocean; it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, Peoples Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea, and Russia. Japans closest neighbours are South Korea, Russia, and China.[33] Based on the definition of North East Asia the researcher found, the North east Asian continent consist of the Republic of China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and the Russian Federation.[34] The second part of the chapter will try to explore thoroughly Japans security environments, including Japans neighbours, and also emerging security issues such as terrorism and international organized crime. Before we observe specifically several number of states in Japan surrounding region, the researcher would first take a look at the trend in issue of concern in Japans domestic realm, which is described in the following issued by the Cabinet Office of Japan. The above shows changes in Japans public concerns in terms of Japans peace and security. Respondents could choose three issues from a list about a dozen options. The clearly shows that their choices have changed significantly since the end of the Cold War. In February 1991, when the question was fist asked, it was in the midst of the Gulf War. Naturally, most respondents (56.4%) chose the Middle East Issue, as the one that concerned them with regard to Japans peace and security. The second highest percentage of concern was expressed on US-Soviet relations with 44% choosing that option: the timing was not long after the collapse of the Cold War structure. The remote third concern was arms control and reduction with 18.2%. The Korean Peninsula, despite its geographic proximity, came in as the forth most selected option with 17.3%. However, the results changed significantly in the next poll in 1994. the concern on Middle East issue dropped by two-thirds to 18.2 % and that on US-Soviet relations decreased to 31.2%, while the Korean Peninsula became the strongest concern with 34.2%, reflecting the May 1993 North Korean missile test in the Sea of Japan and the nuclear crisis of 1993-94. Since then, public concern about the peninsula has grown with 46.7% in 1997 and 56.7% in 2000 reflecting the August 1998 Taepodong missile incident and the March 1999 invasion into Japans territorial water by spy vessels. In the year 2003, after the December 2001 sunken spy vessel incident and the September 2002 Koizumi visit to Pyongyang, as many as 74.4% of respondents identified the Korean Peninsula as their primary concern. The results of the opinion polls show a clear decline of concern over the US-Soviet (Russia) relations and rapid increase in concern toward the Korean Peninsula among the Japanese public. The series of North Korean provocations since the 1990s as well as the shocking revelation of the abduction of Japanese nationals after Koizumis visit to Pyongyang attracted public attention. The geographical proximity of the Peninsula may have made Japans public concern over national security more realistic than the Soviet during the Cold War period. It is then clear for us to observe, that regional concern is increased in Japans public attention. Therefore, in the next part of this chapter, the researcher would explain specifically several states within Japans regional environments and also non traditional security concern such as terrorism and international organized crime. 2.4.1 Japans Relationship with its Neighbouring Countries 2.4.1.1 Peoples Republic of China China has the worlds largest population and a vast landmass surrounded by 14 countries. It has long borderlines and a long coastline. China is also a nation with various races, religions, and languages. Most of its ethnic minorities[36] populate the borderlands often with the same ethnic groups living across the borders. China, with a long history, has been shaping and maintaining a distinct culture and civilization, and pride of its unique history and the experiences of semi-colonization after the 19th century is driving a desire for a strong nation as well as fuelling their nationalism. China is state with a socialist regime, and aims at building a modern socialist state under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Part (CCP). History plays an important role in the bilateral Japanese-Chinese relationship and has an enduring impact on the perceptions, policies and future outlook of both sides. Historical experience shapes identities, but it is also instrumentalized for pressure on the other side. Depending on the prevailing political situation at a given time. Japan and China have found reasons for optimism or pessimism about their relationship. There have been many instances where Japan-China relations have soured due to various problems originating in history. Even now, the past still haunts bilateral relations. The problem of Yasukuni Shrine[37], school history books[38], the Nanking incident[39], comfort women[40], and also abandoned chemical weapons-these problems related to national honour and dignity have stirred up the emotions of the people of both countries. The core elements of Chinas strategic policies are rebuilding the economy and modernizing its armed forces in order to protect Chinas territorial integrity, providing peripheral security, and restoring her great power status. Taiwan reunification, the defeat of Uyghur separatist in Xinjiang Province, and the defeat of Tibetan insurgency are the dominant issues under territorial integrity. Despite the growth in Chinas economic and military power over the last decade, China remains paranoid about U.S. â€Å"hegemonic† power. China perceives the United States as attempting to contain China through its bilateral alliance structure. China was extremely critical of the 1996 reaffirmation of the U.S-Japan Security Alliance by President Clinton and Prime Minister Hashimoto. On the other hand, China supports the U.S military presence in Japan to keep the â€Å"cork in the bottle† and prevent Japans return to militarism.[41] Wu Xinbo concluded, in an article in 2000, that most policy and academic elites in China do not embrace the idea that Japan will become militarized and aggressive, but rather that their concern is That the increase in Japans military capabilities will shift the balance of power in Japans favour. A militarily powerful Japan is more likely to invoke its alliance with the US to intervene should a military conflict arise in the Taiwan Straits. [42] Historically speaking, When China tested its first nuclear device in October 1964[43], in public the Japanese government reacted very calmly and played it down, hinting at the protection given by the US nuclear umbrella. Feeling secure under the American conventional and nuclear umbrella, Japan was not overly concerned about China becoming a nuclear power in 1964.[44] When Prime Minister Yoshida travelled to Europe in 1955 he indirectly criticised the USAs confrontational approach to Asian communism by stating in a policy paper that in fighting communism, political and economic strength was as important as military might, if not more so'[45] 2.4.1.1.1 The Military Modernization of the Peoples Republic of China In recent years, Japan has become increasingly concerned about Chinese military modernization and behaviour. In its 2006 defense white paper, the Japan Defense Agency stressed that Chinas defense budget was doubling every five years and that at the current rate, Chinas official reported defense expenditures would surpass Japans defense budget by 2009. It also noted that Chinas actual defense expenditures could be higher because all equipment procurement and research and development costs are not included in the official budget s.[46] In 2007, the Chinese Government announced a staggering increase of almost 17.8% of its military budget[47], resulting in questions asked by the government of its neighbours, including Japan, of its necessity and intentions. Relying mostly in on a naval presence for maintaining its military position, and given the circumstance that China is particularly backward in this arm category, Chinas challenge looks relatively comfortable despite alarmist US media and public opinion polls, and despite Chinas ability to make sustaining US supremacy more costly and/or more difficult in the meantime.[48] The US may consider the Chinese navy still far away from becoming a blue-ocean navy, but for Japanese policy makers Chinas predominantly coastal navy is rather close to Japanese waters, as we have seen in the context of the disputes over the Senkaku Islands and the EEZ.[49] 2.4.1.1.2 Japan-China Territorial Disputes: The Senkaku Islands The Senkaku Islands territorial disputes is one of the most pressing and potentially destabilizing territorial disputes on Japans Horizon, however, involves five small islands and three â€Å"Rocky outcroppings†. The islands, which the Japanese call the Senkaku and the Chinese the Diaoyu, lie roughly 100 miles Northeast of Taiwan and approximately 250 miles west of Japans southernmost prefecture, Okinawa. The largest of these uninhabited islands covers approximately 20 acres, and has the potential to bring the two former combatants into open hostilities once more. The fate of the islands has become a rallying point for Japanese and Chinese nationalists alike. In the summer of 1996, members of the nationalists Japan Youth Association erected aluminium, solar-powered lighthouse that measured about 15 feet tall and petitioned Japans Coast Guard to designate the beacon an official navigational signal and thereby reinforce Japans claims of sovereignty. The Coast Guard has yet to accede to this request. The lighthouse incident led to protests in Taiwan and Hong Kong, some of which involved as many as 10,000 angry Chinese demanding satisfactions for this affront to Chinas sovereignty. The Japanese are quick to point out that China never showed any particular interest in the disposition of the Senkaku Islands until a 1968 United Nations report suggested that there might be large petroleum deposits under the East China Sea in the vicinity of the Senkaku. In fact, the Chinese did not object to Japans 1895 assumption of sovereignty over the islands, nor did it voice any concerns regarding the islands status under Article III of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. As it relates to the Senkaku Islands, Article III says the following: â€Å"Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under the trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29 degrees North Latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands†.[50] To further bolster their claim, the Japanese aversion that the United States considers the Senkaku Islands to be Japan